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ASF za rok w świńskim rogu

W związku z tym, że stwierdzono kolejne zakażania w powiecie wschowskim (secondary case) poza pierwszym przypadku (index case), bardzo prawdopodobnym jest, że ASF będzie propagował z nowego ogniska.

Zgodnie z przewidywaniami naszego modelu, najbardziej prawdopodobny czas dojścia ASF-u do świńskiego rogu w Wielkopolsce, to już tylko około 12 miesięcy.

ASF_popgagacja
Szacowanie czasy introdukcji ASF-u z uwzględnieniem powiatu wschowskiego (update 15.11.2019):

Szacowanie z uwzględnieniem powiatu wschowskiego (update 15.11.2019):

Policz ryzyko dla powiatu po 15.11.2019

ASF w Polsce zachodniej

Niestety wszelkie starania, że by opóźnić dojście do ASF-u do świńskiego dołka są już nieaktualne. ASF został zdiagnozowany u dzika w powiecie wschowskim.

https://www.wetgiw.gov.pl/main/komunikaty/Komunikat-Glownego-Lekarza-Weterynarii-o-stwierdzeniu-przypadku-afrykanskiego-pomoru-swin-ASF-u-dzika-w-wojewodztwie-lubuskim/idn:1138

Nasze przewidywania o przeskoku sprawdziły się co do miejsca (powiat wschowski wykazywał wysoką centralność PageRank i był w wśród 15% najważniejszych powiatów dla propagacji wirusa), lecz stało się to szybciej (najbardziej prawdopodobny czas dojścia w naszym modelu to dopiero wiosna 2022).

Przypominamy nasz model (który jeszcze nie został zaktualizowany o powiat wschowski):

http://gulakov.cba.pl/asf2.php

Sezon introdukcji (późna jesień) jest również łatwo wytłumaczalny, bo dopiero od niedawna dziki zeszły z pól kukurydzy do lasów i również w pobliże osiedli ludzkich, w związku z poszukiwaniem pożywienia.

Wirus ASF jako broń biologiczna?

Zajmijmy się interdyscyplinarną oceną ryzyka oraz wpływu na bezpieczeństwo Polski oraz innych krajów NATO / AUSCANNZUKUS związanego z naturalnym, bądź intencjonalnym rozprzestrzenianiem ASF (Afrykański Pomór Świń). Wirus ASF powoduje ostrą chorobę u świń domowych i dzików i chociaż nie powoduje choroby u ludzi, jego wpływ na gospodarkę, zwłaszcza poprzez handel i rolnictwo, jest znaczny. W ujęciu krajowym (ASF rozprzestrzeniania się ze wschodu na zachód Polski od 2014 roku), obecnie epizootia ASF obejmuje ok. powierzchni 30% Polski odpowiadającej za ok. 10% produkcji polskiej wieprzowiny powodując ponad 400 mln zł bezpośrednich i ponad miliard zł pośrednich rocznych strat, a do 90% hodowców ze stref zapowietrzonych rezygnuje z produkcji. W ujęciu globalnym ekspansja wirusa (ze wchodu na zachód Europu oraz przez Rosję do Chin i dalej kolejnych krajów ASEAN-u) przyczynia się do głębokich zmian w aspekcie ekonomicznym (np. spadek pogłowia świń – na Ukrainie prawie 3-krotny, ogólnoświatowe braki w zaopatrzeniu leków do produkcji których wykorzystuje się świnie), społecznym (np. masowe protesty w Europie Wschodniej) czy kulturowym (np. wieprzowina od kwietnia 2019 nie jest już najczęściej spożywanym mięsem globalnie).
Według naszego modelu matematycznego Wielkopolska zostanie szacunkowo zainfekowana w niecałe 3 lata, a pojawienie ASF się w tzw. „świńskim rogu” może spowodować niepokoje społeczne na niespotykaną w III RP skalę. ASF został prawdopodobnie użyty już kilkukrotnie jako broń biologiczna przez CIA na Kubie w 1971 oraz przez Sowietów kilka lat później. Podzielmy aspekty badania na (I) analizę epidemiologiczną z akcentem na pośrednie koszty choroby potencjalnie dewastujące produkcję wieprzowiny w kontekście bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego, (II) teoretyczny model wykorzystania ASF-u jako broni biologicznej (III) oraz skutki w postaci ruchów protestu.

Pokrótce (szczegóły w analizie w języku angielskim):
I) Epidemiologia. ASF charakteryzuje się dużą liczbą dróg zakażeń – z decydującą rolą antropomorficzną. W skali globalnej bioasekuracja farm i pasywny monitoring zwierząt są jedynymi kosztowo-efektywnymi środkami prewencyjnym (nie istnieje na chwilę obecną ani lekarstwo ani szczepionka na ASF). Kontrola populacyjna dzików może, a nie musi wpływać na rozprzestrzenianie się ASF.
II) Agroterroryzm. Pokażemy z jaką łatwością bez specjalistycznej wiedzy mikrobiologicznej oraz funduszów można z dużym prawdopodobieństwem wprowadzić zakażenie na obszar do tej pory wolny od choroby.
III) Protesty. Przeanalizujemy również aspekt formowania się ruchów protestu wokół tematu ASF-u na przykładzie Polski (kumulacja protestów wokół wielowymiarowego problemu ASF wystąpiła na początku roku 2019). Przeprowadziliśmy analizę ilościową nowych ruchów protestu : (1) organizacje hodowców trzody chlewnej; (2) organizacje obrońców praw zwierząt; (3) organizacje myśliwych oraz weterynaryjne. Kumulacja protestów w Polsce wokół wielowymiarowego problemu ASF wystąpiła na początku roku 2019.
Naszym zdaniem percepcja szeroko pojętego zagrożenia ASF, zwłaszcza w środowisku decydentów, jest niedoszacowana i dokładne zgłębienie tematu jest konieczne, w celu zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego Polski oraz innych krajów NATO / AUSCANNZUKUS.

African Swine Fever as a potential biological warfare threat (draft)

In our theoretical model, a single person without any special training in microbiology or financing support could release and disseminate ASF virus to disease free territory.

Andrzej Jarynowski1,2 , Vitaly Belik2, Daniel Płatek1, Łukasz Krzowski3, Anton Gerylovich4

  1. Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Wrocław
  2. System Modeling Group, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin
  3. Military University of Technology in Warsaw
  4. Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine in Khrakiv

Abstract

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a viral infection which causes acute disease in domestic pigs and wild boar. Although the virus does not cause disease in humans, the impact it has on the economy, especially through trade and farming, is substantial causing more than one billion EUR yearly losses in Eastern Europe and dozens of billions globally. Thus, ASF is a possible biological weapon, due to: ease of infectious material collection; its extremely high virulence; multiple transmission route mechanisms; no treatment and no vaccine; its high resistance to inactivation and devastating impact on pork production.

In our theoretical model, a single person without any special training in microbiology or financing support could release and disseminate ASF virus to disease free territory.  In contrast to other biological weapons as Bacillus anthracis or Variola virus (the respective causative agents of anthrax and smallpox), terrorist could access virus easily, e.g. by collecting infectious materials from wild boar carcasses. Sample preparation is simple and does not require any sophisticated laboratory equipment. Recent development of portable ASF virus detection kits in middle of 2019 in China increased feasibility of attack, because until now material diagnosis was the weakest point in possible intentional introduction protocols. Such a contaminated material could easily be used for infection of swine or wild boars in new disease-free territory and seed a new outbreak.

We conclude that rising awareness about the ease of an intentional ASF introduction to a disease-free region (via bioterrorism) is an important element of security strengthening and recommend the use of modeling approach for risk assessment as well its experimental validation of the international ASF dissemination.

This analysis does not include external confidential attachment that contains a secret information (possible infection introduction protocols with demonstrated case studies), when unauthorized disclosure of the information could cause damage to the national and international security.

Introduction

ASF “is probably the most serious animal disease the world has had for a long time, if not ever” said by Dirk Pfeifer, a veterinary epidemiologist at City University of Hong Kong (Normile, 2019). Virus is propagating from East to West of Europe (with an average[1] velocity of 250 km/year by long range “jumps” and around 20km/year by “local diffusion” (Iglesias, et. al., 2019)) since 2007 (since 2014 in a first NATO/ EU -member countries), and even faster (550 km/year1) in Eastern Asia (OiE, 2019C). Until now, the full complexity of the processes of ASF spread in general and human role in particular has not been fully revealed. Experience shows that eradication is very difficult and, in some conditions, even almost impossible in already affected region (OiE, 2019C), so arrival of the virus to a disease-free region may lead to devastation of pork production, pork being a cheap and an efficient source of proteins especially in Central/Eastern European diet. There is no treatment and no vaccine available yet, and it has great impact, as it is non-dangerous to humans (not a zoonosis) (Cwynar, et al., 2019). To illustrate the impact, only in Poland and Estonia, after introduction in 2014, due to restrictions up to 90% (in whole Estonia (Nurmoja, et el., 2019) in some regions of Poland like Podlasie Voivodship (Dziennik Ustaw, 2019)) of mainly small farms were banned or stopped pig production. In Ukraine, national pig population decreased almost twice since ASF introduction in 2012 (FAPA, 2018), (Gospodarz, 2017). ASF is an emerging epidemiological threat relevant from the perspective of public health in the sense of ONE Health (Narrod, et al., 2012), for which computational risk assessment models have been proposed (Jarynowski, Belik, 2019A). After its introduction as a new very virulent strain in 2007 it caused (Bloomberg, 2018):

– Millions of culled Animals yearly (currently hundreds of millions since 2018 (ABC, 2019));

– Dozens of billions of Euros losses yearly (in Poland 100 million EUR direct (Tygodnik Rolniczy, 2019), (Dziennik Ustaw, 2019) and around 300 million EUR indirect costs) [Fig. 1];

 –A possible introduction to the USA could cost 20 billions EUR only in first year (ABC, 2019));

– Complicated and varying from day to day restrictions (e.g. zones and biosecurity in EU (European Commission, 2014), or China);

 – Conflict between governments and societies (Chenais, et al., 2019).

Fig.  1) ASF-related costs structure on the example of Poland.

Public health and military authorities should study basics of ASF threat, also because it is possible that ASF virus might be used in a biological attack. The intentional release of germs (Bertrandt, 2007) that not only can kill livestock or wild animals, but might cause more economically important indirect impact. New kinds of biological weapons which fall outside of traditional doctrine of some rogue state possessing them (e.g. as during Cold War era) can be easily released alongside inadequate societal preparedness (Maclntyre, 2018). Pork is a key component for many of dishes in various national cuisines (Magazyn Kuchnia, 2019) (more than 50kg yearly consumption per capita in most of European countries (AHDB, 2017)) and for example made up to 60% meat consumption (Oh, 2011) in China (before the ASF introduction in 2018). During only 10 months of the outbreak since August 2018 China (all of 33 mainland provinces have been already affected (OIE, 2019C)) lost up to 200 million pigs (Reuters, 2019) due to ASF disease or ASF-triggered restrictions. Since April 2019 pork is not the most widely consumed meat in the world anymore and the leadership was overtaken by poultry with global share of 35% (FAO, 2019A). Moreover, perspective seems to be worse and worse because the disease is affecting the international trade (opening and closing of borders) and supply/demand (causing huge spatiotemporal variation of hogs price per kg as 0.5 – 4.5 EUR in China in 2019) having serious socio-economic impact (Rabobank, 2019), (AgroPolska, 2019). Some countries in Europe are also suffering shortage of drugs in the middle of 2019 (TVN24, 2019), and some of these medicaments are produced by mainly Chinese companies. Deliveries had been halted due to factors including work stoppages in Chinese factories (Polskie Radio, 2019), that produce pharmaceuticals from porcine ingredients (Vilanova, 2019). In this paper, we are going to present a theoretical scenario of potential intentional dissemination of ASF virus in epidemiological perspective and discuss a possible public health decision making response and preparedness.

ASF Epidemiology

ASF is currently a number one threat in veterinary epidemiology (epizoology) and the whole agricultural sector in EU (RMF, 2018) and USA (Vet online, 2019C) as well as one of the highest priority globally (OiE, 2019B), (FAO, 2019B). The main challenge for risk assessment and prediction of ASF spread lies in the lack of adequate understanding of human role in this process (Belik, et al., 2011). ASF was first described in Kenya in 1921 and traditionally it has been confined to the African continent. There were only three introductions, from Africa to Europe: ~1950, ~1980 (e.g.  all pigs in the Netherlands were culled), since 2007 current outbreak started in Georgia. The disease is endemic in Central/South Africa and Sardinia, however the most virulent genotype II comes from Caucasus through Eastern Europe and Siberia, then propagate over China and South Korea and it has recently observed in ASEAN countries as Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Philippines as well as focally in Belgium (Cwynar, et al., 2019), (OiE, 2019C). There are few disease registries collecting notifications on ASF as OiE (The World Organization for Animal Health), FAO (The Food and Agriculture Organization of UN), ProMED, EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)/ ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). However, there are various practice about outbreaks notifying and Belarus even being affected (Cwynar, et al., 2019), (GlobalMeat, 2018) use to deny any ASF outbreak (white spot on the Fig. 6).  

The transmission process is very complex; however we identify 3 main factors (OiE, 2019A), (EFSA, 2015):

– Wild Boars (WB) can be a host and a biological vector in the form of carcasses, meat and hunting target;

– Swine or domestic pig (denoted pig later on) can be a host and a vector as living animal or pork product;

– Human (denoted hum. later on) can a be mechanical vector;

– Potential tick vector from Ornithodorine family has been described.

Biosecurity in the context of ASF is a strategy to decrease risks of ASF introduction to farm or region and is an important element of veterinary infection prevention (Pejsak, 2017). However, perception and compliance with biosecurity among farmers differ significantly between countries in accordance with their organizational status and attitudes. Cultural and behavioral habits of people (seems to be main factor for spread of disease (EFSA, 2015)) differ substantially (Dors, et al., 2018). In Eastern Europe fast propagation was mainly due to noncompliance to restrictions (farmers did not care about biosecurity or traded with infected pork for profits (Depner, 2018)) and the same reason could drive spread of ASF in South-East Asia.

Infectious materials in animal-animal transmission route are: blood, nasal swabs, rectal swabs, vagina swabs, faeces and tissues (OIE, 2019A). Virus remains viable and there is a possibility of long-term stability in some uncooked or undercooked meat products (e.g. up to 6 months in smoked ham (FAO 2013)). ASFV can survive for sustained periods and maintain its infectivity in various environmental conditions as extremes pH and temperature (Niederwerder, 2019). The diagnostical tool of choice is genetic analysis such as PCR. However, access to laboratories equipped with PCR-equipment and supplies for ASF-primers and arrays is limited (e.g. in Poland till 2018 only one lab could officially perform ASF genetic analysis (Veterinary Inspectorate, 2019). However, now even portable tests are already on the market in China since 2019 (Jie, 2019). More available serological tests (antigen detected from tissue smears or sections by staining e.g. with ELISA) are characterized with low specificity (high false negative results) due to death of animal before developing antibodies (preacute form of disease (OiE, 2019A)). There are mobile versions of these serological tests (Gallardo, 2013) used for example in Africa, Sardine (Cappai, 2018) or China (RingBio, 2019), could be applied on the field conditions, and PCR test have been currently developed in China (Jie, 2019), (Miao, et at., 2019), (Kanjiyie, 2018). However, terrorist any abuse some facilities of already working public or private accredited laboratories in countries which allows for non-registered ASFV molecular diagnosis for private/”scientific” reasons. We identify possible infection routes (EFSA, 2018), (FAO, 2013):

– WB and pig nose-nose and (pig) contact in farm;

– Feeding on carcasses (pig, but WB are not showing cannibalism in normal situation and feed on other WB if access to food/proteins is limed only (EFSA, 2017));

 -Swills/Food scraps/Meat rest-overs and faecal-oral (pig-WB via hum and pig-pig via hum who are feeding animals with contaminated swills);

-Formites and contaminated environment (pig directly or indirectly via hum);

– Pork supply chain (pig-pig via hum).

Fig. 2) Pathogenesis of ASF (following notation will used later on)

Plenty of experiments already realized in vitro/in vivo and field observation suggest that disease infectivity is relatively low (which has an impact on potential warfare use), however multiple transmission routes could still cause rapid propagation in totally susceptible population in a “wave” character (Cwynar, et al., 2019). Infection probability and infectious dose differ between various routes of infection. Our current knowledge about ASFV etiology, pathogenesis increased substantially due to EU overall observation (EFSA, 2017), (EFSA, 2018). Contact infectious route based on UK experiments (Guinat, et al., 2014), (Guinat, et al., 2016) in quasi natural farm conditions shows infectivity intra 0.91/day and inter 0.31/day with R0 (epidemic reproduction rate (Jarynowski, 2011) estimation: around 1.5 (Nielsen, 2017). Inoculation (S-I ~10 days) and injection (E-I ~ 5 days) experiments form The Netherlands and Denmark (de Carvalho Ferreira, et al. 2012), (Olesen, et al., 2017), (Olesen, et al., 2018) suggests  3 day- maximal time period for environmental transmissions,  dose dependence in feeding route. German experiments (Pietschmann, et al. 2015) shows effect of feeding on carcasses (high infection probability and short incubation period). Longer incubation (S-I ~15 days) period and non-zero recovery probability was suggested from Spanish experiment (Gallardo, et al., 2018) and Estonian field observation (Shulz, et. el., 2019). Posterior field studies in Latvian farm outbreak investigation (Lamberga, et al, 2018) and in Russian Federation allows the calculation of basic reproduction rate:  interfarm R0 <2, intrafirm R0>3, (Guinat, et al., 2018), (FAO, 2018). Infection probability per social nose-nose contact seems to in 10-30% range (Shulz, et el., 2019). However, feeding on carcasses and infections from environment are main drivers of propagation (Iglesias, et al., 2019) and significantly differ between location (e. g. Europe, Asia), hosts (WB or pigs),  etc. There are satisfactory within- or between-farms pigs models (Halasa, et al., 2018) or (Pfeiffer, et al., 2008), and wild boars ecological models (Thulke, et al., 2011), (Taylor, et al. ,2019), moreover the human factor is rarely  integrated in these models (Jarynowski, Belik, 2019A). In Conclusion, ASFV infectivity per direct contact is low [Fig. 2] and R0 does not exceeds 1 significantly (barrier value), but it is easy to transmit by many additional non direct routes (via eating virus-louden pork or feed, via contaminated farmers/hunter equipment, via flies (Olesen, et al., 2018) or drinking contaminated water (Niederwerder, et al, 2019)). On average each gram of tissue (e.g. spleen) can contain 10^12 viruses and 1ml of blood (a single drop) can contain 10^8 viruses from infected pig/WB. 50% infectious dose (ID50) (Zimmerman, et al., 2019) for oral track for dry feed is around 10^4 (viruses), but the liquid feed is much smaller –10^2. Injective ID50 is even smaller – 10^1 (Niederwerder, et al., 2019). So a single drop of blood could be used to infect 50 million animals (Bloomberg, 2019) without deploying cell line reproduction and other sophisticated virological techniques.

Fig. 3) No. new cases by month of the year (crude incidence) with characteristic seasonality for both WB and pigs.

Fig. 4) Time series of No. new cases of monthly (crude incidence) in Poland with characteristic seasonality and 3 regimes of the spread: “subepidemic”, “preepidemic” and “epidemic”.

Incidence rates were significantly different depending on the month of infection detection  [Fig. 3, 4]. The highest incidence rates for domestic pigs were recorded in summer (June, July, August) and small increase is observed in summer and also in winter for WB. However, seasonality in WB could be biased by many factors as hunting insensitivity. A Summer pick [Fig. 3, 4] in incidence in pigs could be explained by many factors: intensive workload and workers movement due to harvesting season; farmers habits to attending forest for recreation (e.g. relax, berries picking and mushrooms hunting), role of mechanical vector as flies (Olesen, et. al., 2018) or ticks in warmer regions (Vial, et al., 2018).

The virus can circulate in domestic pigs only (e.g. China), among wild boar populations only (Belgium, Czech Republic – already eradicated (OiE, 2019D)) and coexist in both populations (e.g. Poland, Ukraine, Russian Federation). The carcasses and pork products play a role of a long term reservoir of virus.

There are 2-3 main possible corridors of ASF propagation to Western Europe [Fig. 5, 6] due to environmental and climatic conditions (IBI, 2018), (Veterinary Inspectorate, 2017):

  • North path goes via Baltic states and North European Plain; 
  • South -central path goes via Ukraine and Hungarian plateau and Danube valley (and later to Po valley);
  • South path via Moldovan (Galați) corridor to Eastern Balkans.

Fig. 5) Clustering of infection notification in geographical space of ASF Genotype II. Distinguished Northern (Baltic States and Poland) and South – central (Ukraine trough Hungary and Slovakia) Southern (Ukraine to Eastern Balkan States) branches in Europe. (colors – years)

There are significant differences between regions, that can lead to different propagation scenarios. The main factor for long-term disease sustainability and endemicity is wild boar population. Lack or low WB density in Carpathian Mountains implies that propagation probably has been performing via jumps (such as illegal pork products trade) and along Danube valley (Bartosiak, 2019).

Fig. 6) DBSCAN clustering of infection notification in Poland and Europe

Besides in Caucasus, Southern Europe and South East Asia there are soft ticks (as Ornithodoros not existing in most of Northern/Central Europe) which can be a vector of ASF virus (Vial, et al., 2018). In China and the United States pork production chain is less modular (Jayaram, Vickery, 2018) and is more interconnected than in Europe (it could impose very fast spread, as all 33 Chinese mainland provinces have been affected in less than one year (OiE, 2019C)).

Poland, Hungary and Romania are on the front wave in Europe, while for example in Baltic States the disease entered an endemic phase (e.g. characterized by a high prevalence of seroconverted living animals due to increased recovery rates states (Shulz, et al., 2019)). Around 30% of the territory of Poland has been affected (in the middle of 2019) and first signs of endemicity were observed in Podlaskie voivodship (Pejsak, Truszczyński, 2019).

The recent eradication of a focal introduction into the Czech Republic (OiE, 2019D) reveals that effective mitigation strategies and optimal protocols for control measures in timing and zoning are available (OiE, 2019B). We observed 2 sites in Poland near Kraśnik and near Lomża without secondary cases, so low contagiousness of the disease with a high mortality rate could lead to natural outbreak extinction in the very early phase of epizootic. However, the expansion of the virus as a wave is still not under control in Europe and Asia (disease transmission to ASEAN countries one by one in 2019). Recent observations in Russia (Iglesias, et al., 2018), Ukraine and Baltic states (Shulz, et al., 2019) suggest a mild form of endemicity of ASF in wild boar population in Europe in next decades, but in long term adjusted biosecurity standards and surveillance could significantly reduce cost and burden of disease in domestic pigs.

Social conflicting and fear layer

Low biosecurity levels and illegal trade of pigs and pork products is the main reason for rapid propagation in EU neighboring countries and China/Vietnam. ASF has already slightly changed food consumer behavior in Ukraine (more than 30% shrunk of pork consumption (Pigprogress, 2019B) and dramatically in China by pork consumption reduction (Reuters, 2019A). Big release of Belgian pork on EU market and shortage of pork in China due to ASF caused rapid and unpredicted fluctuation of hog’s price (e.g. 1.1 – 1.8 EUR per kg in Poland (Wiadomości Handlowe, 2019)). The intensive fight against ASF in European Union is significantly transforming regulations and ethics, triggering protests of various groups of interest such as farmers, hunters and ecologists (animal right activists). New biosecurity laws and standards (with possible unsatisfactory compliance by small farmers) are resulting with backlash of farmers against governmental bodies. Many small producers, who could not comply with new biosecurity rules must close their farms or change the production profile or become agricultural workers, often abroad (Pigprogress, 2018). New protest movements are appearing with following social agents: pig breeders’ organizations, animal welfare organizations, hunters’ organizations and veterinary organizations. ASF in not a zoonosis, so it is not dangerous to people, so many citizens or even infectious disease doctors in affected countries “disregard in dealing with this infection” (LSM.lv, 2014). The genome for the ASF virus is stable, meaning that reasortation and mutations could not easily jump the species barrier (LSM.lv, 2014).

Polish Media example

Public awareness about ASF is low, mainly due to not being human disease [Fig. 7, 8]. The topic of ASF in Poland in the media practically did not exist from the emergence of the disease in 2014 to the first outbreaks in pig farms in the summer of 2016. Moreover, arrival of ASF in Greater Poland (national hub of pig production) may cause social protests at an unprecedented scale in the III Republic of Poland. 

Fig. 7) Google query search trends with scientists’ letter release on 9.01.2019 (NaukadlaPrzyrody, 2019) on WB depopulation (ASF phase in Poland)

Only the presentation of the problem on wild boars and ASF in the open letter of Polish scientists in January 2019 (Conservation, 2019) started a cascade of interest, so level of attention to the same issue differs over time. Poland has taken drastic but likely ineffective measures (disregard the science behind) and massively increased culling of wild boar (Vicente, 2019).

Fig. 8) Daily tweets counts in Polish with scientists’ letter release (ASF in Poland)

We have preliminary defined main agents in Polish Media:

  • Farmers represented mainly by the Agrounia organization active in social media (e.g. Facebook), which organizes mass protests in the mild form of happenings (e.g. „throwing meat”) as well as hard – road blocking.
  • Animal rights defenders, protest movement without an indicated main player, active especially on Twitter and having influencers as bloggers or streamers. They operate mainly in the area of ​​digital space (e.g. protest letters) and to a little extent in a particularly engaging ways (e.g. blocking hunting and demonstrations).
  • Hunters and environmental / veterinary services, movements involved cognitively in the ASF problem, but entangled in conflict often against their will (like hunters implementing government-determined contingents, or underfunded veterinary services that have more responsibilities due to ASF). They organize themselves mainly on all social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter or closed online forums.

The communication dynamics and the conflict relations between movements are observed. Some farmers blamed veterinary inspection for ASF propagation and even claim that National Veterinary Institute makes business out of it which is could be illustrated by the phrase used by farmers: “Pejsak (the most recognized swine veterinarian), Jurgiel (minister of agriculture), two nephews, they will cause the end of Polish economy”[2]. Indeed, National Veterinary Institute charged farmers higher cost for ASF diagnosis than Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute  (National Authority for Animal Diseases) in Germany did (Lubelskie24, 2018) and just recently reduced the cost to less than 20 EUR. Small farmers blamed big international farming corporates (Agrounia, 2019) as Smithfield Foods and Pini Pologne, etc., which can easily satisfy biosecurity standard and increase production. Misunderstanding of ASF epidemiology among farmers (Agrounia, 2019) and inefficient state response (Vicente, et al., 2019) is leading to polarization between farmers and state. There is a lot of controversy of possible routes of introduction of the disease to Poland and many farmers believe in a rumor that the first (and few others) infected dead wild boar case in Poland on the border with Belarus was intentionally introduced by “enemies of Polish economy” (SE, 2018). The possible appearance of political consultancies[3] or foreign intelligence in social media, which could polarize society (Duvanova, et al., 2016), were observed because Twitter accounts, already potentially classified as suspected (Oko, 2019) were also propagating anti-government content which fueled animal right movement [Fig. 9 – yellow colored]. However, ASF had a small effect only on European Parliamentary Election 2019, where number of notification correlates negatively with % of votes (adjusted for pig density confounding effect) for currently ruling country in Poland (IBI, 2019B).

Fig. 9) Network built on 5285 retweets with #ASF with tagged language pl from 19.12.2018 to 18.01.2019. Nodes are Twitter accounts (threshold for node>10 tweets), links is a retweet. Right wing politicians (orange), Mass media (blue), Animal rights activists (yellow), Farmers representatives (green)

Risk assessment for ASF introduction

Analyzing possible introduction mechanisms is crucial for understanding of the disease spread, especially because it was recently observed in China and Belgium far away from previously affected regions. Authorities of many countries have started active preparations (WashingtonPost, 2019) in response that rising ASF can be introduced to a new territory via (Żuber, 2012), (Elbers, Knutsson, 2013):

  • Natural introductions (e.g. WB transmission on the border between countries, which is for example the most likely path from Russia/Belarus to Baltic States (Cwynar, et al., 2019));
  • Accidental introductions (e.g. most likely introduction to Czech Republic via contaminated discharged pork products brought by Ukrainian hospital worker or wastes from trucks in a logistic center (OiE, 2017));
  • Intentional disease introductions.

Thus, ASF is a possible biological weapon (Szopa, et al., 2018), due to:

– easiness of contagious material collection;

– difficulty to secure many farming sites and forest area (soft targets (Dugdale, 2005));

– its extremely high virulence;

– multiple transmission route mechanisms;

– its high resistance to inactivation;

– no vaccine and treatment;

– difficulty in post disposal investigation and low treatability due to slow “evolutionary clock” of virus genome (Mazur, et al., 2019);

– devastating impact on pork production.

However, bioterrorism event does not exist in reviewed European national surveillance systems (in opposite to US or Australia for example). In USA’s risk assessment review, bioterrorism is ranked as a fourth most important introduction path of ASF (Brown & Bevins, 2018) and authorities recognizes ASF as a main threat in agriculture (Vet Online, 2019C). Thus, United States public administration tries to be prepared for terrorist introducing foreign high-risk animal disease as ASF by formulating surveillance and contingency plan (Gordon, 1986). In Australia, sabotage risk was also examined (Ausvetplan, 2016). Western European Authorities seem to underestimate potential role of bioterrorism in ASF introduction and this issue does not exist e.g. in Germany (FLI, 2019), UK (Defra, 2018), Poland (NIK, 2018), (MRiRW, 2017) official preparedness plans and possible other Western European countries. Most of national risk assessments have in common that probability of introducing ASF by legal trade is almost neglectable (Mur, et al., 2012), (Lu (Y),   et al., 2019), so most of attention is focused on illegal human behavior and failing to restrictions. Focal introductions of ASF is consider as human-mediated, however main interest special groups are usually limited only to:

-hunters because of wild boar hunting tourism;

-truck drivers because they travel long distances throughout Europe and guestarbeiters from affected areas who may inadvertently discard infected meat products.

There are many pro-active approaches like TV spots or leaflets (like Netherlands (NVWA.nl, 2018)), active surveillance on the border (UK, Australia and Japan are permanently collecting positive samples from fitosanitary border controls (Guardian, 2019)).

OIE classify of release (or entry) by exposure routes (Defra, 2018):

– Legal trade in live animals and products of animal origin;

– Illegal trade in live animals or products of animal origin;

– Fomite transmission, transport or other identified routes.

ASF expansion in Europe is according to current observation ongoing and forecast for future arrival time can be proposed (Jarynowski, Belik, 2019C) with mathematical modeling and machine learning approaches, where for example most likely arrival time to Germany is around 2023 and arrival time estimator for Polish counties is publicly available http://interdisciplinaryresearch.eu/index.php/asf.

Disease is devastating trading networks, permeable land borders and farms with little or no ability to stop spread in many areas of impact (Ausvetplan, 2016):

̶ livestock health (health of affected species, including animal welfare);

̶ trade and economic impacts (including commercial and legal impacts);

̶ environmental impacts;

̶ organisational capacity;

̶ political impacts;

̶ reputation and image.

In countries with high military expenditures (such as e.g. Australia, USA and Russia), bioterrorism gathers high attention (FDA, 2003), (CDC, 2008) with special attention on ASF (Selected Agents, 2019), (Australia Group, 2019), (Voronina, et. al., 2017). However, in bioterrorism threat perception it is difficult to distinguish information from disinformation or private opinion from official position (Novosti, 2018). Moreover, lack of bioterrorism training with veterinary/sanitary inspectors in Western Europe leads to misunderstanding of propagation paths projections. For examples, Russian epidemiologists suggested 2 main corridors (Northern and Southern), which is obvious according to geography (historical European War Theaters) due to environmental landscape (Bartosiak, 2019). Moreover, computer simulations are in agreements with such predictions (Mur, et al., 2012), (Jarynowski, Belik, 2017). On the other hand, Western European veterinarians were at least confused with such projections (and some were even suspecting intentional introduction) (Veterinary Inspectorate, 2017).

Taking the calibrated Grunow–Finke Assessment Tool (Chen, et al., 2018) and agricultural outbreak intentionality index (Sequera, 1999), (Roberge, 2015) into consideration, we conducted the risk assessment for intentional ASF introduction [Tab. 1].

Tab. 1) Calibrated Grunow–Finke Assessment Tool and agricultural outbreak intentionality index for ASF introduction in China and Belgium

Introduction calibrated Grunow–Finke (Chen, et al., 2018) Agricultural index (Sequera, 1999)
China 17/60 which means around 30% of terrorism likelihood 5/10 (moderate likelihood of agro terrorism)
Belgium 11/60 which means around 20% of terrorism likelihood 4.5/10 (low to moderate likelihood of agro terrorism)

However, the results should be taken with care, because the calibrated Grunow–Finke Assessment Tool was developed for human diseases. Besides risk analysis tools, the rapid surveillance methods are required to detect unnatural epidemic signals (Dembek, 2016) which should lead to security practices through innovative uses of psychology and organizational dynamics to both understand terrorists and train response teams and societies (MacIntyre, et al., 2018).

Bioterrorism and food safety

Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense (CBRN defense) is already established protective measures in NATO and AUSCANNZUKUS military alliances (CDC, 2000). We focus on epidemiology of infectious diseases which can be used as biological warfare agents. Identification of CBRN use-related threats and potential enemies, monitoring of threats, and medical intelligence is a domain of military safety (Maciejwski, 2001) due to restoring capabilities due to new type of hybrid war (EP, 2019). However, identification of ASF, sanitary procedures, managing a crisis situation are covered by (as veterinary) public health and public administration mainly so cooperative civil and military training bridging security with animal and public health is needed (Bertrandt, et al., 2013).

There are few classifications of potential agents as CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in USA (CDC, 2018)):

  1. Highest risk (high infectivity and mortality rates) as Smallpox (Jarynowski, 2014) or Anthrax;
  2. Medium risk (moderate infectivity and morbidity rates) as EHEC E. Coli (Weiser, 2016);
  3. Unknown risk (unknown infectivity and morbidity rate) for example new generic pathogens produces by CRISPR/Cas genetic modification, but also ASF itself due availability and ease of dissemination (CDC, 2019).

Producing biological weapon usually requires advanced theoretical knowledge in the field of microbiology and technological experience in this area (Ura, et al., 2015), even in era of do-it-yourself synthetic biology (Krzowski, et al., 2017), but it is not the case with ASFV, which can be acquired in sufficient amount directly from environment (e.g. WB carcasses). ASFV affected meat is harmless to people, but still is a specific food safety hazards, which touches developed countries as food terrorism (Dzwolak, 2009). In case of intentional ASF introduction, we could additionally classify it as agroterrorism with its economic motives and effects on consumers, producers and agri-food market (Bertrandt, 2007). There have been just few such confirmed events in the history of the world agriculture (19 in 1915–2000 by according to Monterey), but many more were suspected and never fully confirmed (Kacperska, 2017). African Swine Fever virus was suspected to be in arsenal of Soviet bio-agents (Leitenberg, 2012), but current Russian or North Korean facilities are undocumented and seem not to play such a significant role after Cold War anymore. ASF was suspected by USSR epizootiologists to be intentional introduced to Cuba in 1971 (Stegniy, et al. 2015).

Agriculture as pig farming is particularly susceptible to attempts by terrorists due to difficulty of protecting (Zawojska, 2011):

– wild boars are geographically dispersed in unprotected spaces which facilitates access for terrorists,

– pigs are usually concentrated in often overpopulated farms, which favors the rapid spread of infectious diseases,

– animal pathogens as ASF can be easily isolated from the environment or obtained from illegal or quasi-legal laboratories,

– ASFV is very stable and can remain infectious in meat (but also pieces of death animal) over several months (Juszkiewicz, et al., 2019);

– Front wave character of ASF makes it easier for terrorists to virus acquire (e.g. in Poland some people make finding WB carcasses as source of income due to availability of death animals in recently affected areas (Okrama, 2018)), detain, transport of pathogens without jeopardizing their own health.

There are also limitations of ASF effect to economy and social conflict. Usually, the main expected result of terrorism is not material, but causing chaos by hysteric and fear in affected society (Michailiuk, 2016).  In ASF case there is lack of fear is such an extend as in human infectious disease or food-borne disease (Lue, et al., 2018). Animal diseases as ASF, which are not zoonosis, do not exist in public awareness, mass culture and media outside of group of interest (Jarynowski, et al., 2019A). However, fear could be induced by “fake news” or “dis-information” on ASF effects on human health in social media by cyberattack for example (Kasprzyk, 2018).

ASF intentional introduction

Pork production collapse caused by terrorism might be manifested in an economic system through shifts in demand or/and supply curve (mainly via trade restriction), a variability in the price (Rabobank, 2019) as well as in the deadweight loss to the society (Zawojska, 2011). It is not possible to exactly indicate and count small groups, individual criminals and psychopaths who can plan and also commit terrorist attacks (Chomiczewski, 2003). Rational (planned) terrorist chooses optimal introduction protocol track (confidential) which maximizes the expected utility, conditioned to his resources. Irrational (followed by ideology and not instructed by intelligence directly) terrorist could choose suboptimal tract of introduction protocol (confidential), conditioned by availability and his imagination of efficiency (which could be driven by media). There are few groups of agents, which could be interest in ASF introduction to disease free in times of international/internal instability not seen since the end of the Cold War in Europe (EP, 2019).  For example, in USA within FBI’s Weapons of Mass Destruction (FBI, 2009) Directorate exists Biological Countermeasures bureau identifying such a potential groups (Vet online, 2019A). State-supported agro/bio attacks have declined, however other groups and lone wolfs can also be interested in using bioweapon as ASF due to easiness of using (Keredimis, et al., 2013).

Traditional Terrorist organization or intelligence agencies of conflicted countries (Macltyre, 2018)

There are organization from countries which could gain from ASF introduction to some other countries due to high economic impact of the disease (as other state-sponsored espionage and bio-warfare programs). They can choose laboratory track with use of microbiologists and spy conspired in the societies. For example so-called Islamic State – “ISIS” could use Old Testimonial (Deuteronomy 14, 4-5) and Quran (5:3) meaning of ‘dirty’ for pigs and hit western economy at the same time (state or quasi-state political/religious/nationalist group (Michailiuk, 2009)). Approx. 4000 people (who have joined the so-called ‘ISIS’) live currently in Europe and approx. a million refugees come to Europe yearly, so there is a strong possibility that potential terrorists are among them (Lech, 2017). Some of potential collaborators serve as technician or scientists in both medicine or veterinary field and could be hired by terrorists.  Engagement of criminal cartels and international corporate competitors may be also considered, while ASF trade restriction could cause massive economic losses to affected farming sites, but on the other hand could give a huge handicap to disease free sites.  State sponsored organization could use meat trading market (in corruption susceptible territories) or drop off the plane infected soft ticks (in humid and hot areas) (Buzun, 2016). Already affected states can manipulate with own WB population movement, to flux infected animals to a new territory (e.g. by driving hunting). Rich organization could sponsor animal right defending movements, so called “useful idiots” to block adequate sanitary state reactions (Buzun, et al., 2019).

Recent form as Lone wolfs or small organizations (Macltyre, 2018)

Some organizations and individuals (Doroszczyk, 2019) with specific interest can profit from ASF introductions (Smith, 2015). Some of their representatives could make a use of extremely ease of ASF intentional introduction:

  • vegans could benefit of pork production disturbance; unemployed or precariat biologists could have a much more publicly financed work with ecology conservation like (domestic or foreign animal- and environmental-rights groups/individuals). For example, Animal Liberation Front have conduced 700 criminal acts worldwide already (Vet online, 2019C). However, ecoterrorists and animal rights have involved in violence and vandalism rather than “strict bioterrorism” (Keremidis, et al., 2013).
  • fanatic Islamist or Zionist influenced by xenophobic ideology could appreciate collapse of “dirty” pig farming according to some holy scrips (home-grown violent religious extremists as self-radicalized residents or foreign radical entities). Religious extremists, who have historically caused mass casualties, may be opposed to western values (Keremidis, et al., 2013);
  • anti-government political party would like to benefit from massive protest and country destabilization (anarchist and anti-government extremist groups);
  • Mass casualty sociopaths (individual mentality disorders motivations).

Conductors of such kind of acts could be not necessary professionals in microbiology, so ASF is an ideal germ for them due to ease of usage and availability so terrorists can obtain weapon agent and suitable delivery method with very limited resources (Michailiuk, 2016). Isolating and breeding ASFV derived from natural sources could make millions of people to be potential terrorist. However, possible treatability of attack from such scenarios seems to be not so feasible.

ASF introduction control

Intentional ASF introduction, even being unlikely must be considered due easiness in comparison to other threats.  Current counterterrorism focus on small groups and lone wolf, so forecasting (Najbebauer, et al., 2008) and thwarting of bioterrorist acts is more and more difficult due to irrational psychological factors, but also more urgent, since terrorists have easier access to pathogens as ASF and do-it-yourself biological tools (EC, 2019). Obligatory sanitary inspections on the border should be conducted across suspected individuals traveling from affected areas (e. g. similar to Israel policy).  However, interventions with the highest impact and lowest cost should be prioritized and public health early warning systems should assess this issue (Kasprzyk, et al., 2010). Active surveillance could strengthen European control as SIGMA Animal Disease Data Model (EFSA, 2019).

  • Monitoring over recent development of mobile universal genetics analysers (cost starts from 1500 EUR) with possibility to include ASF amplifier on the panel/arrays (not available on the market global market yet – however tested in China, but few US and European startups have been also working on it);
  • Training emergency management and veterinary public health staff in so called “Animal Health Joint Criminal and Epidemiological Investigations Workshop” and promoting concept on ASF as an economic threat (USDA, 2019), (Veterinary Institute, 2018);
  • Monitoring intensive search for WB carcases in front waves countries requested by strangers (currently mainly Poland, Ukraine and Hungary);
  • Assessing several possible smuggling channels in EU (e.g. from Poland to Germany);
  • Monitoring flow of air passengers and selective sanitary inspection according to biological and technological materials (mainly Ukraine, Belarus, Russia in Europe and China, Vietnam and Cambogia from South East Asia);
  • Identifying high risk areas – possible targets (e.g. high pig density and forest density);
  • Warning veterinarians and local authorities in high risk areas of possible threats of ASF and how to protect herds (Vet online, 2019B);
  • Training veterinarian and police/military special agents in common outbreak investigations (Veterinary Institute, 2018), (Vet online, 2019B);
  • Advising farmers on informing public administration about any attempt for unauthorized access, suspicious activity or criminal action in their pig farms in potential target territories (Vet online, 2019B);
  • Surveillance of entering to forest by image processing and machine learning approaches in potential target territories for unusual behavior, activities, etc.;
  • Secure pig carcases from steeling during massive outbreak (Agrointel.ro, 2019);
  • Monitoring veterinarian and microbiologist job market for suspicious advertisements;
  • Monitoring private and public institution, which allow for paid ASFV molecular diagnosis;
  • Monitoring of veterinary and forestry authorities for proper quarantine/restriction measures introduction in ASF-suspected and ASF outbreaks zones (to avoid infectious material releases);
  • Monitoring activity in legal Internet with artificial intelligence about digital trace (Najgebauer, et al., 2008) according to patterns (searching and queries on ASF diagnosis, WB habitat etc.) (Helbing, 2016);
  • Monitoring and better understanding topological and dynamical structure of whole food chain (Weisser, et al., 2016), (Lu, et al., 2019);
  • Active surveillance in surrounded area if a new ASF case is suspected or shortly after its confirmation due to possible simultaneous spread from non-single seeds of infection (Schirdewahn, et al., 2017).

Procedures prepared after disease identification does not differ between intentional and non-intentional introduction and can be found in many guidelines for ASF specific (Ausvetplan, 2016) or general emergency operations in the face of biological hazard (Trzos, et al., 2017). Collaboration between farmers (biosecurity standards), governmental institutions (veterinary inspection) and hunting associations (WB depopulation) can achieve significant decrease of the disease impact (Cwynar, et al., 2019).

Conclusions

Permanently ASF affected counties have lost international pigs and pork market position by relaying more and more on import and even changed their consumption habits (e.g. less than one year of ASF in China probably cause more problems in “country of Dragons” than trade war with USA (Globalresearch, 2019)). According to Sub-Committee on Security and Defence of European Parliament “Repeated attacks by both State and non-state actors (…), reminds that (…) the European Union is far from being immune to CBRN threats” (EP, 2019). „ASF can be understood as a biological weapon (…) equivalent to bioterrorism[4]?, said Russian Chief Veterinary Officer – S. Dankvert (Rosselkhoznadzor, 2013). We conclude that rising awareness about the easiness of ASF introduction to a disease-free region (e.g. via bioterrorism/agroterrorism) is an important element of security strengthening. New challenges in public health security such as lone wolf engagement can no longer be addressed within the isolated ivory tower of veterinary medicine, but require cross-disciplinary solutions from other fields (as e.g. One Health Initiative). The implementation of that change should lead to focus on pathogens, which be freely available outside professional laboratories and could become a weapon within do-it-yourself biology as ASFV (MacIntyre, et al., 2018). Thereby, the ease of using ASF with the commercial materials only in one’s kitchen should be counteracted by hazard monitoring system. Before ASFV, it was extremely difficult for potential terrorists to produce/purchase/steel a strain with given properties, and even “do-it-yourself” synthetic biology (Krzowski, 2017) is far more advanced technologically in comparison to ease of performing intentional ASF-spread. Billions EUR losses to targeted economy could be easily achieved with ASFV – “a weapon of mass destruction for the poor” by even single determinate person, who is intelligent and enough to understand scientific papers and published information in the Internet and apply knowledge in practice.

In particular, despite significant research efforts, analysis and modelling of ASF notification events, its spatiotemporal epidemiology due to human role are hardly considered, although being crucial for understanding of the ASF spread. Collaboration between veterinary/sanitary and civil/military inspection must be enhanced as well as various experience as simulation practise must be exchanged (Bertrandt, et al., 2013) for optimal solution finding for such an interdisciplinary problem. Eradication is extremely difficult in WB (Depner, 2018) and difficult in farms (Pejsak, 2017) in already affected region, so ASF will definitely affect new country food supply chain (Kielan, 2019), (Bertrandt, 2009). Intentional introduction could happen on scale: of single county (e.g. from Eastern to Western Poland); intracontinental (e.g. from Eastern to Western Europe); intercontinental (e.g. from China to USA). However, adequate counter-terrorism practice would be very difficult to prepare and to accept by societies.

In this paper, we want to share our own reflections form infectious disease/epidemiological (epizootic) point of view. Long term persistence in the environment and virus stability (ease to collect infectious material), and high case fatality rate, relatively low contagiousness but many infectious routes with no possible treatment and vaccination (make it very complicated to control) makes the virus (Chanais, et al., 2019) a potential biological warfare.

We show theoretical model of using ASF as a biological weapon (with feasibility analysis for various potential path) and an accessible epidemiological analysis with an accent on the indirect costs of the disease (as trade restriction and conflicting societies). The main idea is to present a protocol for the collection (from carcases, pork products or culture) / processing (blood, tissue, body pieces preparation) / infecting (injection or feeding WB/pigs) with infectious material. We have identified potential categories of terrorists as sophisticated intelligence, small organizations and lone wolfs. We proposed few possible dissemination case studies, which do not need to be well prepared and expensive, to archive relatively high success rate.

Described ASF introduction problem should be carefully revisited due to new circumstances since cheap, sensitive and specific portable ASF-detection kit were developed in the middle 2019 in China (Miao, et al., 2019), for proper risk assessment and guidelines preparation for training the public health providers in emergency response in still disease-free territories. Technically we suggest: building risk maps; supporting biosurveillance, biosafety and biosecurity; monitoring technology development and related radical ideation (GlobalDefence, 2018) in order develop a plan for decision-makers in a crisis situation (Trzos, et al., 2017). Delaying the introduction time by these measures is also relevant, while the race to developments vaccine (Barasona, et al., 2018), (Reuters, 2019B) or treatment  continues, especially in world leading biotechnological research centres as of the most affected country – China (Reuters, 2019C), (Mallapaty, 2019). However no spectacular break thought was not observed yet (PigSite, 2019), so in a next few years perspective, we could only consider preventive measures (AgrarHeute, 2019), (Scientist, 2019). Compliance to biosecurity rules seems in long terms to be the main and relatively effective measure to control disease in already affected regions (Depner, 2018), (Reuters, 2019D).

Most probable and most effective Introduction protocols and case studies (appendix of this analysis) should be confidential with limited access by authorized bodies, because disclosure of this information could be used to plan an attack without the need of own conceptualization (Ludwiczak, 2005).

Acknowledge: This research was partly supported by ASF-STOP (Cost Action CA15116) and PNFN 2019-21.

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[1] Taking into account the distance from the first European outbreak near Poti, Georgia in 2007 to the latest outbreak in Belgium/Cambodia in the middle of 2019.

[2] Polish original: “Pejsak, Jurgiel, 2 bratanki, koniec Polskiej Gospodarki”

[3] like Cambridge Analytica Ltd. or other

[4] “К АЧС надо относиться как к биологическому оружию, которое несет неотвратимые экономические последствия (…) приравнять к биотерроризму”

The evolution of products in entertainment industry

Andrzej Buda 1 , Andrzej  Jarynowski 1,2, Vitaly Belik 2

1 Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Wrocław/Głogów, Poland

2 Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany

Presented at E-methodology conference, Wrocław, 2019

We analyze temporal dynamics of entertainment industry including literature, music, films and video games. We focus on music and extend our research to other parts of entertainment industry under the influence of technological revolutions, introducing possible analogies between them. Music industry analysis is based on subsequent albums sales time series by artists from statistical point of view, including networks of artists, record labels and producers. The statistical properties of the entertainment industry (including value of the markets, seasonality, products life-cycles) and possible interferences between different parts of this industry under influence of the Internet era are also discussed.

Introduction and motivation

Entertainment industry has always been devoted to human basic needs since ancient times. The Nine Muses of the Greek Mythology have given an inspiration to artists, philosophers and individuals for creation. This culture has accompanied humans on their journeys through life. The people themselves have created cultural trends and established businesses to satisfy the demand for culture and influencing the economy. Therefore, cultural products have acted as a means for giving a cultural voice to people – consumers (Cebula, 2013).

In the present paper we discuss four branches of entertainment industry: books or literature, films or motion pictures, songs and video games. In the digital era, computational and statistical methods dedicated to digital traces of human participation in culture (e.g. Big Data) via so called distant reading (Moretti, 2013), (Jarynowski, Buda, Paradowski, 2019), are becoming more and more popular. The whole field of digital humanities has emerged (Eder, et al., 2013). Based on empirical data, we present several use cases of statistical and quantitative analysis of the historical data from the above mentioned entertainment fields. In particular we demonstrate similarities in the evolution of those fields.

In the XVth century literature experienced a dramatic upsurge due to invention of earlier printing methods by Gutenberg resulting in the Bible becoming the bestselling item of all time. The biggest element of the global entertainment industry belongs to books (value estimated ~143 billion US dollars (Publishing Standards, 2017)), because books are still able to involve in formal education at school or after school in adult life. Even the emergence of innovations by Thomas Edison and Lumiere brothers in phonographic and motion picture industry of XIXth century or videogames in XXth century did not change it. There was a rise of novels between 18th and 20th century (Moretti, 2013) – first in Europe and the last in Africa.

The domination of books has been developed traditionally in the past, and is still unscathed, despite the Internet era. However, the number of novels in each country increased in different periods. The stability of domination in books sales is often based on books series (e.g. Harry Potter or The Lord Of The Rings, etc.) that may serve as inspiration for directors creating movies. Remakes are important part of the US motion picture industry (StephenFollows, 2018).

The motion picture industry is worth at least 43 billion US dollars according to the latest annual reports (Lpesports, 2018). However, on the Internet era, the contribution of remakes (including prequels, sequels, etc. (Loocks & Verevis, 2012) in the total number of movies decreases (StephenFollows, 2018) over the last 120 years of Hollywood. A movie or books series are the main products traded on these markets with their own fan base.

On the other hand, in music industry, artists could be considered as a product traded in phonographic market because they all signed contracts with record companies. Their subsequent albums may be compared to remakes in motion picture industry and books or video games series (Fig. 1).

In music industry, the role of film director or book author may be played by record producers who initially were a sound engineer only. However, digital technologies had impact on the art of sound creation and even deceased artists are able to “record” new music or put their holograms on well-paid live tours. Therefore, record producers are as much important as directors in film industry or authors for books. In book industry, direct communication perspective between author via narratives (Moretti, 2011) and reader (Jarynowski, Boland, 2013) is very important, so the role of editor is smallest in all creative industries

Product Life-cycle

Relationship between agents in creative industry can be described by Actor-Network Theory (Latour, 2004). Creative market could be represented as a set of players (artists) managed by their companies – labels/studios/publishers, who sell products to customers. Sizes of the markets are limited, and the creative items are characterized as luxury goods in economic sense. Companies and their artists are supposed to establish the optimal selling strategy. They can control many factors like release date, strength of promotion and items quality. From the economical point of view, we define an artist, film series (even in a single movie a bunch of people are involved as actors directors, producers, writers, composers), book series and game series as a product. Empirical observations (Fig. 1) show that album sales of an artist (product) reach maximum exactly in the first week of new item (album) release. Companies often set album release dates (tuning inter-event times and exact release date) according to potential high sales, which is defined as an area under the sale curve (Fig. 1). Of course, companies are going to counteract this decrease by promotional events (in music industry singles can be released, in books authors readings are useful, etc.).

Fig. 1. A bunch of product life-cycles for the 30 most popular artists (2003-2013).
Source: Own graph

We observe symbiotic inference between various creative industries, mainly around books (as Harry Potter movie/book -interfered life cycle of book sales together with film released. and Witcher book/game (Fig. 2)). The Nielsen Company is monitoring such interactions.

Fig. 2. Google Tends of Polish book/game: Witcher (Wiedźmin) Source: Own graph based on Google Trends

Creative industry revenues

Artists gets salary depending on the signed contract and companies (publisher/studio/label) make business on them. Success of the creative product can be measured in many ways such as critics opinion, chart position, popularity in media, etc. Monetary outcome is prioritized in this article, due to its quantitative character (even it is biased as overrepresenting high-income populations). E.g. the evolution of revenues of three creative industries (Movies, Games, and Music) was analyzed in Ref. (Lpesports, 2018) and a trigging point was revealed (around 2005), when Games revenues exceeded Music and Movies revenues.

The value of video games industry – estimated to be $109 billion – consists of mobile gaming – $46 billion, smartphone games – $35 billion, tablet games – $11 billion, console gaming – $33 billion, digital content – $22 billion, physical sales – $11 billion and PC gaming – $29 billion. Despite these new technologies, books market (including e-books) is still the biggest one – $143 billion (Source: Publishing Standards, 2017) and music industry – $30 billion (including $15 billion because of physical records) and motion picture industry – $98 billion (including $27 billion from the global Box Office, DVDs & blue rays – $41 billion and TV copyrights – $17 billion) seem to be outnumbered. In music industry streaming revenue is 47% of global total and yearly growth in paid streaming revenues: +33% (IPFI, 2019).

According to annual reports, the largest gaming markets of 2017 were in China – $36 billion, United States – $25 billion, Japan – 201 billion, and European Union – $20 billion (Source: Vgames, 2018). On the contrary, the US and European markets dominate in music industry. According to the IFPI more than 90% of the total revenue of music in 2018 was derived from the 30 major countries with dominance of USA, Japan and UK and almost neglectable position of China (IFPI, 2019). Books sales major markets are similar to music (dominating countries are still USA and Europe (Statista, 2019A)). However, cinema tickets sales major markets (China is just behind USA) are more similar to video games (Statista, 2019B).

Eras

In history culture evolved in time (Batist, 2011). New genres come to live, merge, and die. Fashion trends are dynamic (Lorenz-Spreen, et al., 2018), (Cebula, 2013). Device and technology drive revolutional transition in culture (Buda, Jarynowski, 2015b), (Jara-Figueroa, et al., 2019), (Hidalgo, 2015).
These four industries could be divided in general in three Eras due to technological changes:
• pre digital with a dominant role of broadcasting technology and physical supply chain of device;
• digital with digital mean of devices and shortened transporting time (Schneider, et al., 2011);
• post digital with streaming technologies and on demand content.
In detail the following chronology:

Fig. 3. Characteristics Eras in Creative Industries (blue- predigital, green – digital, orange -postdigital)
Source: own graph

In entertainment/culture consumption models, we need to consider individualistic consumption (more specific) and tribal consumption (more fashion driven) (Castells, 2011), (Cebula, 2013). In post digital era, for example attending, cinema or concert – social facts are both declining, while video games and streaming on device (individual action) are growing.

There problem of piracy has interfaced selling distributions unequal according to countries industries and given products. Digitalization of devices and Internet sharing of resources gave an opportunity for piracy. Current approach of creative companies as cloud storing (e.g., Amazon kindle), streaming technologies (e.g. Netflix), or external licence management (e.g. Google Play) decreases piracy size. Let consider China case. This country is leading in term of videgames sells (with ~30% of global share) and second in books (~10%) and movies (~15%) markets. However, China almost does not exist on phonographic market (less than 1% of global share (IFPI, 2019)). Cultural difference cannot explain such a difference, so music industry is the most vunerable for piracy.

Current time series of album sales in music (as well as in other creative industries) differ from classic product life-cycles (Stark, 2004) because album sales usually reach their maximum in the first week after premieres (Fig. 1). However, historical time series are similar to standard life-cycle (Rogers, 1965) due to gaining popularity via information diffusion by physical devices (Buda, Jarynowski, 2015b). There are, moreover, symptoms of sales increase one week before the peak because of pre-orders in the Internet era (the same effect can be seen for Harry Potter movie/book. From the marketing (Thomas, 2006) point of view (Fig. 1), on the Internet era (2003-2013), the global phonographic market is over-represented by innovators, early adopters and early majority (Rogers, 1965). Other participants (including customers that are laggards or late majority) are not entirely affected (their seasonal impact may be explained well by stochastic models (Jarynowski, Buda, 2013)). Moreover, an observation of seasonality of items sale (increase of album release late autumn and early winter) is universal (Fig. 4) (Chrismas “madness”). It means that customers wallets approach is crucial to understand that phenomena (after Christmas and New Year Eve people might have less money for such a luxurious good like a creative items). Monthly global video games sales between 2013 and 2018 is increasing with similar seasonal patterns (CNB, 2019).

Fig. 4. Weekly global albums sales [millions of copies] between 2003 and 2013 for the 30 most popular artists defined in (Jarynowski, Buda, 2013) and Fig. 1. Source: Own graph based on data from IFPI reports as (IFPI, 2019)

Interevent time is defined as a time between the release of a new item (it could be a new record of an artist, new book in series etc). In general it is increasing with time. We have analyzed 30 most popular artists album sales trajectories that depend on intervals between consecutive albums premieres (Fig. 5) and found out 2 characteristic time intervals: 1 and 2 years.

Fig. 5. The distribution of intervals (in months) between consecutive albums premieres obtained for the 30 most popular artists defined in (Jarynowski, Buda, 2013) and Fig. 1. Source: Own graph based on data from IFPI reports as (IFPI, 2019)

Analogies between books, movies, music and video games creative markets

Creative industries are characterized by some common properties:

  • Creative market as a predictable system – in complexity and in particular for a record/movie/book/game;
  • Creative industry might be considered as a programmable system – agents as record, studios, editors optimaze profits ;
  • Even unpredictable popularity spread by the Internet do not break the equillibrium (Jarynowski, Buda, 2013) on the market (for example virals as Gangman style in music or Farmville in games);
  • The system might be unstable in case of artists death only for music and book industry;
  • There is a strong seasonality, there are fans that buy records/DVDs/books/games every month and occasional clients who buy items just before Christmas;
  • There is a decreasing trend in selling physical devices of record/movie/book/game which characterize the creative markets all over the world and an increasing trend in streaming or digital copies (itunes, lastFM, Netflix, Kindle store, google play, etc);
  • The trajectory of items sales has a pick on the release day and decreases exponentially (Fig. 1) with some additional peaks caused by promotion including tours, author meetings, competition etc;
  • In the past, the peak of item sales has appeared a few weeks after the release, and sales have decreased slowly, but currently the peaks of item sales appear in the first week after the release;
  • Popularity spreads both via cultural and geographical paths (Jarynowski, Buda, 2016);
Fig. 6. The network of the 30 most popular artists according to labels (evolution, importance) edges defined by belonging to the same label according to consecutive albums between 2003 and 2019. Source: Own graph

These predictable results obtained for music industry might be extended to other data sets. For instance, for the last 120 years of Hollywood movies history, over 6000 films with the corresponding remaking formats (ca. 1700 original films) and ca. 4300 films of various remaking formats) were collected (Loovk& Verevis, 2012). The distribution of intervals between subsequent remakes seems to be multimodal probably like in the music industry (Fig. 5). Moreover, the number production of remakes by studios increases since the beginning of 20th Century and collapses in the year 2005. It means that the Internet era has forced some studios to integrate with others or be eliminated for good. Thus, the number of remakes decreased significantly after 2005. The same process takes places in the music industry when small labels become a part of major labels. Moreover, music and the motion picture industry has the same participants (Universal, Warner, Columbia, etc.). Therefore, since the beginning of the 21th century, the number of major labels has decreased to those four. On the contrary, the value of video games market increases year by year since the early ’80s.

Tab. 1 Analogies between the four main parts of the global entertainment industry

Books (B) Films (F) Music (M) Video games (V)
Economic
product
series remakes artists (Fig.6) series
Economic
company
author director producer producer
Economic
distributor
publisher studio label studio
Product life-time,
agents: predigit
very many pubsmany studios 2 years interv
many labs
few studios
Product lif-time agents:
digit
many pubs few studios 1 year interv
many labs
many studios
Product life-time agents:
postdigit
very many pubs (selfpublishing) few studios 1.5 year interv
few labs
few studios
Inference- predigit FBBB
Inference- postdigit VVVB

According to annual reports, books are still the greatest and the most valuable part of entertainment industry. On the Internet era, number of book publishers increases, but the number of distributors decreases. Number of record labels remains constant, but number of distributors decreases. Number of film studios (and connections between studios creating different remakes) increases till 1990’s but in the Internet era (2005) it collapses. In Post-Digital Age (called Internet in music) small companies (labels) are forced to merge or look for non-record related new sources of revenue (Galuszka, Wyrzykowska, 2016).

Summary

Such analogies within the most profitable 4 parts of the global entertainment industry may define networks of entities (Tab. 1) represented in a universal way and detect the importance of the technological eras in the evolution from historical and economic point of view. In our contribution, we present the results of quantitative analysis for music records and several results or analogies with other parts of entertainment industry. Such quantitative and distance reading approaches promise to provide deep insights into dynamics of entertainment industry and even to develop predictive models for e.g. revenues. All of these 4 industries changed their characteristics due to Internet (Tab. 1), (Fig. 3).

Moreover, all these entertainment industries may interact with each other because of overlapping fanbase. For example, Lara Croft is the most successful human videogame character according to the Guinness Book of Records because she has extended her ‚activity’ from Tomb Raider videogame series to comics, novels, television, films and soundtracks albums (featuring famous names like Graeme Revell or Alan Silvestri). On the other hand, The Lord Of The Rings and Harry Potter series, with their origin in books, have become interactive and universal too. Star Wars movies have inspired a lot of people to fill the gaps between consecutive series by creating books and videogames that have been later authorized by George Lucas. Even the Beatles fans may have occasion to participate in creating new version of classic songs because of XBOX or jam together with other musicians online. There are examples of interference among all four creative markets. The Witcher (originally Polish book series) has gather international attention in Books, Video Games and recently in Movie Industry. However, The Witcher music records gather attention only in Poland (golden record in 2002). Despite blurred boundaries, the economy behind all the main branches of entertainment industry remains invariant. Therefore, analogies between main branches of entertainment industry may be detected and unified as multilayer network elements (cultural dynamics, globalization, commodity market, etc.).

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by COSTNET (CA15109).

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ASF a wybory

ASF jeszcze nie determinuje polskiej polityki wyborczej, ale może to stać się już niedługo.
Przeanalizowaliśmy wyniki wyborów na poziomie powiatów w porównaniu z występowaniem ASF-u oraz pogłówiem świń.

W związku z protestami rolników można by się spodziewać słabszej pozycji PiS-u (atak na rząd) oraz mocniejszej Konfederacji (Agrounia oficjalnie poparła Konfederację) w „świńskich” powiatach, ale tak się nie dzieje.
W skali kraju poparcie PiSu (lekki trend dodatni) i Konfederacji (lekki trend ujemny) nie koreluje z pogłowiem świń. Jednocześnie poparcie PiS-u jest statystycznie istotnie większe (średnio o 6 puntów %) na obszarze zapowietrzonym (co oczywiście wynika z innych przyczyn – patrz memy zabory), przy braku związku dla Konfederacji.

ASF wybory
ASF wybory

Ciekawie dzieje się na obszarze zapowietrzonym, gdzie popracie PiS istotnie statystycznie maleje przy wzroście liczby notyfikacje (3 zakażone zwierzęta generują średnio 1% spadku poparcia dla PIS), choć jednocześnie poparcie dla PIS lekko, acz istotnie koreluje z pogłowiem świń.

Należy oczywieście ostrożnie podchodzić do wyników (ze względu na ogromną role zakłócającą innych czynników), ale:
– już poparcie PiS na wsi statystycznie nie przekłada się na poparcie na obszarach zaangażowaych w produkcję wieprzowiny;
– zaangażowaych w produkcję wieprzowiny oraz występowanie ASF nie wpływa statystycznie istotnie na popracie politycznej reprezentacji Agrounii;
– Spadek popracia dla PiS wraz z natężeniem występowania ASF potencjalnie oznacza, że dalsza propagacja ASF może jeszcze bardziej zmniejszyć poparcie PiS w Polsce zachodniej.

Najlepsze albumy 2018 roku – okiem eksperta

Pełny tekst Andrzeja Budy tu: albumy 2018 :

1. Bedoes & Kubi Producent – Kwiat polskiej młodzieży
2. Ariana Grande – Sweetener
3. 21 Savage – I Am > I was
4. Taconafide – SOMA 0.5g
5. Jack White – Boarding House Rich
6. Post Malone – Beerbongs & Bentleys
7. Kacey Musgrave – Golden Hour
8. Cardi B – Invasion Of Privacy
9. Camila Cabello
10.Taco Hemingway – Cafe Belga/Flagey
11.Ghost – Prequel
12.Robyn – Honey
13.Pusha T. – Daytona
14.EABS – Repetitions
15.Kamashi Washington – Heaven And Earth
16.Masecki/Młynarski – Noc w wielkim mieście
17.Travis Scott – ASTROWORLD
18.Young Multi – Trapstar
19.Greta Van Fleet – Anthem For The Peaceful Army
20.Janelle Monae – Dirty Computer
21.Kękę – To tu
22.Blood Orange – Negro Swan
23.Playboi Carti – Die Lit
24.Rita Ora – Phoenix
25.Reto – BOA
26.The Carters – Everything Is Love
27.Paluch – Czerwony dywan
28.O.S.T.R. – W drodze po szczęście
29.Lil’Wayne – Tha Carter V
30.Courtney Barnett – Tell Me How You Really Feel
31.DJ Koze – Knock Knock
32.KanYe West -Ye
33.Mitsky – Be The Cowboy
34.Sarius – Wszystko co złe
35.Earl Sweatshirt – Some Rap Songs
36.Hinol Polska Wersja – Mej duszy dziecko
37.Judas Priest – Firepower
38.Kali & Flvwlxss – V8T
39.Kali Uchis – Isolation
40.Włodi- Osad
41.Nine Inch Nails – Bad Witch
42.Hemp Gru – Eter
43.Vince Staples – FM!
44.Tinashe – Joyride
45.Future & Juice WRLD Presents
46.Małach – Proverbium
47.Edzio – Wygrany
48.Young Fathers – Cocoa Sugar
49.Mariah Carey – Cautions
50.Sophie – Oil Of Every Pearl’s Un-Sides

Warsztaty opracowywania ognisk ASF

Wpólnie z niemieckimi epidemiologami przygotowywujemy warsztaty z modelowania matematycznego oraz analizy sieciowej w analize i opracowywaniu ognisk chorób zakaźnych 18-20.03.2019 w Berlinie. Główny target to środowisko „One health” i bedzię troche weteryniarzy, ale zapraszamy też biologów, epidemiologów itp.. Mamy na ten cel finansowanie unijne i jak ktoś się zgłosi do 31.01 to jest szansa, że uda mi się Wam sfinansować pobyt.

http://www.vetmed.fu-berlin.de/en/einrichtungen/institute/we16/aus_und_weiterbildung/snaworkshop/index.html

ASF protesty

Ogromna ilość nieprawdziwych informacji i to z lewa i z prawa odnośnie planowanej redukcji populacji dzika w związku z upolitycznieniem akcji, skłania nas do zabrania głosu. Przede wszystkim krótką wiarygodną prezentację problemu na temat dzików i ASF można znaleźć w liście otwartym polskich naukowców oraz w naszych pracach np. omawianych na tym blogu i przyłączamy się do listu, aczkolwiek nie bezwarunkowo, gdyż głos hodowców świń został tam pominięty. Naszym zdaniem najważniejszym argumentem za nielimitowanym odstrzałem dzików jest brak analizy kosztowo-efektywnej takiej akcji. Jedynym krajem, który próbował tej metody była Białoruś, która nie chwali się efektami akcji, aczkolwiek z analiz szeregów czasowych notyfikacji potok zakażonych dzików z Białorusi nie ustał. Należy jednak zwrócić uwagę, że redukcja populacji dzików w zachodniej Polsce potencjalnie może zmniejszyć ryzyko introdukcji i odsunąć w czasie endemizacji choroby zwłaszcza w tzw. „wielkopolskim świńskim dołku”, ale nie są nam znane żadne krajowe analizy na ten temat. Zgodnie z naszymi analizami odpowiedź układu jest nieliniowa i jedynie radykalna redukcja populacji, przy zachowaniu założeń bioasekuracji zwłaszcza w chlewniach, realnie może zmniejszyć prawdopodobieństwo introdukcji choroby. Należy zwrócić uwagę, że ani z naszych analiz ani obserwacji historycznych w Europie, redukcja populacji dzików na terenie endemicznym, nie wpływa na dalsze rozprzestrzeniania się choroby. Jedynie zmniejszenie liczebności osobników w watahach może realnie wpłynąć na rozwój epidemii w obszarach już endemicznych (jak większość Polski wschodniej).

A sytuacja jest poważna, bo ednamizacja ASF-może spowodować zamieszki na niespotykaną w III RP skalę. Dlaczego? A to że np. na Ukraina chronicznie dotkniętej epizootią ASF zmniejszyło się pogłowie trzody chlewnej z około 8 mln przed introdukcją ASF do 3 mln w roku 2018 i dalej spada. Na obszarze endemicznym w Polsce (do czerwca 2017) 90% farm (około 30 000) zaprzestało działalności nie bezpośrednio przez ASF (zanotowano jedynie około 100 ognisk), ale ze względu brak możliwości do zastosowanie się do ustawowych norm bioasekuracji. A teraz przechodzimy do sedna sprawy – czyli działania rządu i podległym mu instytucji. Otóż przez 4 lata nie zrobiono w tej sprawie praktycznie nic. Naszym szczęściem w tej sytuacji jest obecność w Unii Europejskiej, bo cała analiza ryzyka i oparte na dowodach działania mitygacyjnie bazuje niemal wyłącznie na badaniach zespołów zagranicznych, w tym Polaków afiliowanych zagranicą. Ani NCN ani NCBiR ani Ministerstwo Rolnictwa/ Środowiska nie zaproponowało żadnego realnego do wykonania naboru do wykonania analiz naukowych, zwłaszcza że Inspekcja Weterynaryjna czy Instytut Weterynarii nie wyrabiają się (bo nie są w stanie) z narzuconych im obowiązków. Mamy rok podwójnie wyborczy i nagle na szybko zaplanowano redukcję pogłowia (nota bene pierwotnie miało to byś 210 tyś osobników w sezonie 2018/2019) czyli mniej niż w latach ubiegłych. Zaprzyjaźnione koło łowieckie w obrębie południowym województwa dolnośląskiego otrzymało instrukcje zgodnie z planem, więc przynajmniej w naszym obszarze NIC SIĘ ZMIENIŁO w kwestii liczby osobników do odstrzału. Nie znamy pełnego planu rządu, ale forma protestu środowisk ekologicznych (abstrahując od jej celowości) wydaje się być nieadekwatna do rzeczywistych instrukcji przynajmniej dla Dolnego Śląska. Ponadto okres luty-marzec to minimum zakażalności, więc wydaję się to optymalnym oknem czasowym na redukcję populacji. Z drugiej strony środowisko hodowców dyskredytuje (słusznie) dotychczasowe działania rządu czekając na realne działania jak również służb weterynaryjnych i instytucji naukowych (już częściowo bezpodstawnie). I znowu wchodzimy w politykę, gdyż rolnicy indywidualni (którzy po wielu latach w końcu się jednoczą i mówią jednym głosem blokując starą metodą drogi) to potencjalny elektorat PIS-u. Zalecenia bioasekuracji (skąd inąd najskuteczniejszej strategii walki z ASF) najbardziej uderzają w drobnych hodowców, gdy producenci na skalę przemysłową (kapitał zagraniczny) z łatwością dostosują się do nowych wymagań.

Podsumowując premier Morawiecki i prezes Kaczyński zostali postawieni w trudnej sytuacji. Latem nastąpi sezonowe przyśpieszenie propagacji ASF i być może od reakcji rządu mogą się ważyć przyszłe wybory.